![]() This paper discusses how such non-reciprocity leads to the breakdown of detailed balance and the second law. Non-reciprocal devices are used in a multitude of applications, for example Faraday isolators and optical and microwave circulators. This law is conventionally accepted, yet non-reciprocity of transmission and reflection has been the puzzlement to scientists as it appears to violate the principle of detailed balance and the second law. Reciprocity in absorption and emission is a requirement of detailed balance and expressed by Kirchhoff law of radiation for any wavelength and for any direction. However, when a thermal feedback path is added, in which heat carriers have physical properties different from the photons in the isolator, then a heterogeneous system is formed not covered by the H-theorem, and the second law is violated.įaraday Isolator, Detailed Balance, Second Law, Non-Maxwellian, Entropy, H-Theorem, Statistical Mechanics, Perpetual Motion Machine, Statistical Symmetry, Indistinguishability This result is a consequence of the H-theorem which assumes homogeneity and indistinguishability of particles. Received: MaAccepted: ApPublished: April 30, 2017Ī Faraday isolator is shown to develop a temperature difference between its input and output, but still complies with the second law when all the heat carriers, in this case, photons are homogeneous and indistinguishable. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). Entropic Power, 3980 Del Mar Meadows, San Diego, CA, USAĬopyright © 2017 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. ![]()
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